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Description:

The purpose of this TriMark Publications study is to describe the specific segment of the pharmaceutical market sector called the Indian pharmaceutical industry. This sector includes all of the generally-accepted pharmaceutical manufacturing activities that are currently used today, including the bulk drug industry, formulations and major therapeutic segments. It examines these clinical supplies as utilized in hospitals, clinics and doctor's offices. The principal objectives of this analysis are to: 1) identify viable technology drivers through a comprehensive look at various platform technologies for the Indian pharmaceutical industry; 2) obtain a complete understanding of the Indian pharmaceutical industry practices from its basic principles to its applications; 3) discover feasible market opportunities via an identification of high-growth applications in different areas of the Indian pharmaceutical industry, with a focus on the biggest and expanding markets for the Indian pharmaceutical industry; 4) focus on global industry development through an in-depth analysis of the major world markets for pharmaceutical manufacturing, including forecasts for growth; and 5) establish the essentials of the Indian pharmaceutical market including definitions, processes and trends.
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Table of Contents:
- 1. Overview 9
- 1.1 Statement of Report 9
- 1.2 Scope of the Report 10
- 1.3 Methodology 10
- 1.4 Executive Summary 10
- 2. Introduction 13
- 2.1 India's Major Pharma Export Destinations 13
- 3. The Indian Market 18
- 3.1 Projected Market Size 18
- 3.2 Present Core Competence 18
- 3.3 Key Market Intelligence 18
- 3.4 Analysis of Market 20
- 3.5 Indian Biotechnology Industry-A Snapshot for Investors 21
- 4. Characteristics of the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry 22
- 4.1 Profitability 22
- 4.2 Location 22
- 4.3 Segmentation of the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry 22
- 4.3.1 Bulk Drug Industry 22
- 4.3.1.1 Production and Exports of Drugs and Pharmaceuticals 26
- 4.3.1.2 Projections for Bulk Drugs and Formulations-1997-98 to 2001-02 27
- 4.3.2 Formulations 28
- 4.4 Major Therapeutic Segments 29
- 5. Key Players in the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry 32
- 5.1 Multinational Corporations (MNC's) Playing a Critical Role 32
- 5.1.1 Glaxo 32
- 5.1.1.1 Performance Summary 36
- 5.1.1.2 Performance Drivers in 2004 36
- 5.1.2 Pfizer India 37
- 5.1.2.1 Performance Summary 41
- 5.1.2.2 Performance Drivers in 2005 41
- 5.1.2.3 Analyst Expectations 43
- 5.1.3 Aventis Pharma 43
- 5.1.3.1 Performance Summary 46
- 5.1.3.2 Performance Drivers in 2QCY04 46
- 5.1.3.3 Analyst Forecast 47
- 5.1.4 Novartis India 47
- 5.1.4.1 Performance Summary 50
- 5.1.4.2 Performance Drivers in 3QFY05 51
- 5.1.4.3 Analyst Expectations 52
- 5.2 Key Indian Players 52
- 5.2.1 Ranbaxy 52
- 5.2.1.1 Analyses 53
- 5.2.1.2 Performance Drivers in 2004 54
- 5.2.2 Dr. Reddy's Labs (DRL) 57
- 5.2.2.1 Performance Summary 60
- 5.2.2.2 Performance Drivers 61
- 5.2.3 Cipla 62
- 5.2.3.1 Performance Summary 65
- 5.2.3.2 Performance Drivers in 3QFY05 66
- 5.2.4 Sun Pharma 67
- 5.2.4.1 Performance Summary 70
- 5.2.4.2 Performance Drivers in 2QFY05 70
- 5.2.4.3 Analyst Expectations 71
- 5.2.5 Abbott India Limited (Knol) 71
- 5.2.6 Wockhardt 74
- 5.2.6.1 Performance Summary 78
- 5.2.6.2 Peformance Drivers in 2004 78
- 5.2.7 Nicholas Piramal India 80
- 5.2.8 Lupin 80
- 6. Strategic Groups 81
- 7. Critical Success Factors (CSF) of the Industry 82
- 7.1 Research and Development 82
- 7.2 Production 82
- 7.3 Marketing, Sales and Distribution 82
- 7.4 Operational Efficiency 83
- 7.5 Alliances 83
- 7.6 Pre 2005 CSFs-Formulations 83
- 7.6.1 New Product Launches 83
- 7.6.2 Therapeutic Coverage 83
- 7.6.3 Sales and Distribution Network 83
- 7.6.4 Strong Brands 84
- 7.6.5 Exports 84
- 7.6.6 Critical Mass 84
- 7.7 Pre 2005 CSFs-Bulk Drugs 84
- 7.7.1 Low Cost Structure 84
- 7.7.2 Internationally Approved Manufacturing Facilities 85
- 7.7.3 Speedy Launches 85
- 7.8 Post 2005 CSFs-The Most Critical 85
- 7.8.1 Basic R&D 85
- 7.8.2 Applied Research and Development 85
- 7.8.3 Process Research or Reverse Engineering 85
- 7.8.4 Analogue or Discovery Research 85
- 7.9 Biotechnology Research 85
- 7.9.1 Biotech, Bio-Generics and Vaccines 86
- 7.9.2 Cost Advantage of Indian Biotech Industry 86
- 7.9.3 Challenges Facing the Indian Bio-Generics 86
- 7.9.4 Vaccine Manufacturing 86
- 7.9.5 Vaccine R&D 86
- 7.10 Bringing out a Generic Drug 86
- 7.11 New Drug Delivery System (NDDS) Research 87
- 7.12 Indian Council of Medical Research-Innovative New Products 87
- 7.13 Non-ICMR Vaccines 87
- 8. A Farsighted Strategy in Competition and Cooperation 88
- 8.1 NCE/Proprietary Drugs 88
- 8.2 Marketing Alliances with International Players 88
- 8.3 R&D in India 88
- 8.4 Investment and R&D 89
- 8.5 Profitability 91
- 9. Indian Pharma Exports 92
- 10. Policies and Regulations 94
- 10.1 Indian Patents Act (IPA) 1970 94
- 10.2 DPCO (Drug Price Control Order)-1970 94
- 10.3 GATT and WTO 94
- 10.4 Implications of the WTO 95
- 10.4.1 On Prices of Drugs 95
- 10.4.2 On R&D 95
- 10.5 Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) 95
- 11. Changing Scenario of Product Patent Regime 96
- 11.1 Critic's View 96
- 11.2 Price Escalation 96
- 11.3 MNC Dominance 98
- 11.4 R&D Expenditure 98
- 11.5 Technology 98
- 11.6 Conclusion 99
- 12. Laws Pertaining to Manufacture and Sale of Drugs in India 100
- 12.1 The Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 100
- 12.2 The Pharmacy Act, 1948 100
- 12.2.1 State Pharmacy Councils 101
- 12.2.2 Registration of Pharmacists 101
- 12.3 The Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act, 1954 101
- 12.4 The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 101
- 12.4.1 State Pharmacy Councils 102
- 12.4.2 Registration of Pharmacists 102
- 13. Marketing and Distribution in the Pharmaceutical Industry 103
- 13.1 In-clinic Media 103
- 13.2 Outdoor Media 103
- 13.3 Electronic Media 103
- 14. The Changing External Environment 112
- 15. Porters Five Forces Model 113
- 15.1 Threat of New Entrants 113
- 15.2 Intensity of Competition 113
- 15.3 Threat of Substitutes 114
- 15.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers 114
- 15.5 Bargaining Power of Suppliers 114
- 16. Future Outlook for the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry 115
- 16.1 Government Policy-Update 115
- 16.1.1 Budget Proposals 2005-06 115
- 17. Emerging Trends 116
- 18. India-The Clinical Trial Destination 117
- 18.1 Clinical Trials - The India Opportunity 117
- 18.2 Clinical Research Organizations (CRO) 117
- 18.3 Indian Companies in Collaborative Manufacturing Partnerships with Pharmaceutical Multinationals 120
- 18.4 Product Patents will Transform Traditional Medicine 120
- 19. Risks-Weaknesses and Threats-Faced by Indian Industry 121
- 19.1 Global Pharmaceutical Market-India's Strengths 121
- 19.2 Production 121
- 19.3 Quality 122
- 19.4 Research and Development 122
- 19.5 Opportunities for the Future 123
- 19.6 Conclusion 123
- 20. Intellectual Property and Access to Medicines 124
- 20.1 Data Exclusivity 124
- 20.2 Interpretation of Product Patent Applicability 124
- 20.3 Mailbox Applications 124
- 20.4 Fears over Price Escalation 124
- 20.5 Quality 125
- 20.6 Availability 126
- 21. Evolving Indian Drug Research and Development 127
- 21.1 Composition of R&D Expenditure 127
- 21.2 A Shift in Focus is the Need of the Hour 128
- 21.3 Cost Advantages of Indian Firms 128
- 21.4 Achievements of in-House R&D Units Funded by the Indian Department of Scientific and Industrial Research during 2003 to 2004 133
- 22. Case of a Leading Indian Firm-Ranbaxy Laboratories 134
- 22.1 History 134
- 22.2 R&D is the Integrating Factor 134
- 22.3 Ranbaxy's Successful Report Card 135
- 22.4 Why has Ranbaxy been this Successful? 135
- 22.5 The Evolution of Ranbaxy-Time Line Analysis 135
- 22.5.1 1970 to Early 1980s 135
- 22.5.2 Early 1980s to 1994 136
- 22.5.3 1994 to 1997 137
- 22.5.4 1997 Onwards 137
- 22.6 Leveraging Mergers and Alliances 138
- 22.7 Research and Development 138
- 22.8 Alliances for Entry into U.S. and European Markets 139
- 22.9 Growth of Market Share and Product Portfolio 139
- 22.10 Creating Value through Functional Strategies 140
- 22.11 Marketing 142
- 22.12 Relationship Marketing 142
- 22.13 Co-Marketing 142
- 22.14 Sales Strength 142
- 22.15 Brand Recognition 143
- 22.16 Ranbaxy's Product Strategy 143
- 22.17 Ranbaxy R&D Strategy 143
- 22.18 Research Strategy 143
- 22.19 Ranbaxy's Human Resources Strategy 143
- 22.20 Information Technology 144
- 22.21 Revenue Model for a Pharmaceutical Company 144
- 23. Strategic Options for Pharmaceutical Firms 145
- 23.1 Invest in Research and Development Capabilities 146
- 23.2 Grow a Wide Product Portfolio 146
- 23.2.1 Growth through Mergers and Acquisitions 146
- 23.2.2 Growth through Brand Acquisition 146
- 23.2.3 Growth through Licensing Agreements 146
- 23.3 Remain a Generics Player 146
- 24. How to Build Sustainable Competitive Advantage 148
- 24.1 Product Portfolio Management 148
- 24.2 Integrated Healthcare Company 148
- 24.3 Distribution 148
- 24.4 Disease Management/Service Provider 148
- 24.5 Clinical Test Centers 148
- 24.6 Healthcare Funding Systems 148
- 24.7 Re-Engineering 149
- 24.8 Outsourcing Services 149
- Appendix 150
- 1. Requirements and Guidelines for Permission to Import and/or Manufacture of New Drugs for Sale or to Undertake Clinical Trials 150
- 1.1 Application for Permission 150
- 2. Clinical Trial 151
- 2.1 Approval for Clinical Trial 151
- 2.2 Responsibilities of Sponsor 152
- 2.3 Responsibilities of the Investigator(s) 152
- 2.4 Informed Consent 152
- 2.5 Responsibilities of the Ethics Committee 152
- 2.6 Human Pharmacology (Phase I) 153
- 2.7 Therapeutic Exploratory Trials (Phase II) 153
- 2.8 Therapeutic Confirmatory Trials (Phase III) 153
- 2.9 Post Marketing Trials (Phase IV) 154
- 3. Studies in Special Populations 154
- 3.1 Geriatrics 154
- 3.2 Pediatrics 154
- 3.3 Pregnant or Nursing Women 155
- 3.4 Post-Marketing Surveillance 155
- 3.5 Special Studies: Bioavailability/Bioequivalence Studies 156
- 4. Data to be Submitted along with the Application to Conduct Clinical Trials/Import/Manufacture of New Drugs for Marketing in India 157
- 5. Data Required to be Submitted by an Applicant for Grant of Permission to Import and/or Manufacture a New Drug Already Approved in India 159
- 6. Structure, Contents and Format for Clinical Study Reports 159
- 7. Animal Toxicology (Non-Clinical Toxicity Studies) 160
- 7.1 General Principles 160
- 7.1.1 Systemic Toxicity Studies 161
- 7.1.1.1 Single-dose Toxicity Studies 161
- 7.1.1.2 Repeated-dose Systemic Toxicity Studies 161
- 7.1.2 Male Fertility Study 162
- 7.1.3 Female Reproduction and Developmental Toxicity Studies 163
- 7.1.3.1 Female Fertility Study (Segment I) 163
- 7.1.3.2 Teratogenicity Study (Segment II) 163
- 7.1.3.3 Perinatal Study (Segment III) 163
- 7.1.4 Local toxicity 164
- 7.1.5 Allergenicity/Hypersensitivity 165
- 7.1.6 Genotoxicity 166
- 7.1.7 Carcinogenicity 167
- 8. Non-clinical Toxicity Testing and Safety Evaluation Data of an Ind Needed for the Conduct of Different Phases of Clinical Trials 170
- 8.1 For Phase I Clinical Trials 170
- 8.2 For Phase II Clinical Trials 170
- 8.3 In vivo Genotoxicity Tests 170
- 8.4 For Phase III Clinical Trials 170
- 8.5 For Phase IV Clinical Trials 171
- 9. Animal Pharmacology 171
- 9.1 General Principles 171
- 9.1.1 Specific Pharmacological Actions 171
- 9.1.2 General Pharmacological Actions 171
- 9.1.2.1 Essential Safety Pharmacology 171
- 9.1.3 Follow-up and Supplemental Safety Pharmacology Studies 171
- 9.1.3.1 Follow-up Studies for Essential Safety Pharmacology 172
- 9.1.3.2 Supplemental Safety Pharmacology Studies 172
- 9.1.4 Conditions under Which Safety Pharmacology Studies are not Necessary 172
- 9.1.5 Timing of Safety Pharmacology Studies in Relation to Clinical Development 172
- 9.1.5.1 Prior to First Administration in Humans 172
- 9.1.5.2 During Clinical Development 172
- 9.1.5.3 Before Applying for Marketing Approval 172
- 9.1.6 Application of Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) 173
- 10. Informed Consent 173
- 10.1 Checklist for Study Subject's Informed Consent Documents 173
- 10.1.1 Essential Elements 173
- 10.1.2 Additional Elements, which may be Required 173
- 10.2 Format of Informed Consent Form for Subjects Participating in a Clinical Trial 174
- 11. Fixed Dose Combinations (FDCs) 175
- 12. Undertaking by the Investigator 175
- 13. Ethics Committee 176
- 13.1 Number of Persons 176
- 13.2 Format for Approval of Ethics Committee 177
- 14. Stability Testing of New Drugs 177
- 15. Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Formulations 178
- 16. Contents of the Proposed Protocol for Conducting Clinical Trials 179
- 16.1 Title Page 179
- 16.2 Table of Contents 179
- 17. Data Elements for Reporting Serious Adverse Events Occurring in a Clinical Trial 181
- INDEX OF FIGURES
- Figure 1: Projected Analysis of Indian Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Industry 21
- Figure 2: Production Trends of Pharmaceuticals in India 29
- Figure 3: Pfizer India's Performance 42
- Figure 4: Sales Trends of Aventis Pharma 47
- Figure 5: Strategic Group Mapping 81
- Figure 6: Porter's Five Forces Model Applied 113
- Figure 7: Ranbaxy's Focus during 1970 to Early 1980s 136
- Figure 8: Ranbaxy's Focus during Early 1980s to 1994 136
- Figure 9: Ranbaxy's Focus during 1994 to 1997 137
- Figure 10: Ranbaxy's Focus from 1997 Onwards 138
- Figure 11: Value Chain of Ranbaxy 141
- Figure 12: Strategic Options Available for Pharmaceutical Firms 145
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- INDEX OF TABLES
- Table 1: India's Major Pharma Exports to Various Destinations for 2000 to 2001 13
- Table 2: Indian Global Generics Market Size from 2003 to 2010 15
- Table 3: Present Core Competence of Indian Pharmaceutical Industry 20
- Table 4: Data on Production of Selected Bulk Drugs of Selected Companies in the Organized Sector During 1999-2000, 2000-01, 2001-02, 2002-03 and 2003-04 23
- Table 5: Indian Production of Bulk Drugs and Formulations 1980 to 2000 26
- Table 6: Indian Production of Bulk Drugs 26
- Table 7: India's Global Exports of Bulk Drugs and Formulations 27
- Table 8: Bulk Drug Formulations 27
- Table 9: Production-Formulations 28
- Table 10: Global Pharma-Growth Patterns 29
- Table 11: Leading Therapeutic Segments 30
- Table 12: Market Share of Major Therapeutic Segments 31
- Table 13: Leading Brands in Each Category 31
- Table 14: Market Growth Rates for 2003 and 2004 31
- Table 15: Key Players and their Characteristics 32
- Table 16: Glaxo SmithKline (Price History as on March 16, 2005) 33
- Table 17: Glaxo SmithKline Interim Results 33
- Table 18: Glaxo SmithKline Financials-Equity Share Data 34
- Table 19: Glaxo SmithKline Income Data 34
- Table 20: Glaxo SmithKline Balance Sheet Data 35
- Table 21: Glaxo SmithKline Share Holders 35
- Table 22: Glaxo SmithKline Capacity Data 35
- Table 23: Glaxo SmithKline Table Raw Materials 36
- Table 24: Glaxo SmithKline Performance Summary 36
- Table 25: Glaxo SmithKline Segmental Snapshot 37
- Table 26: Glaxo SmithKline Cost Analysis 37
- Table 27: Pfizer India Price History (as on March 16, 2005) 38
- Table 28: Pfizer India Interim Results 38
- Table 29: Financials-Pfizer India Equity Share Data 39
- Table 30: Pfizer India Income Data 39
- Table 31: Pfizer India Balance Sheet Data 40
- Table 32: Pfizer India Share Holding 40
- Table 33: Pfizer India Capacity Data 40
- Table 34: Pfizer India Raw Materials Data 41
- Table 35: Pfizer India Performance Summary 41
- Table 36: Pfizer India Performance Drivers in 2005 42
- Table 37: Pfizer India Cost Structure 42
- Table 38: Aventis Pharma Price History (as on March 6, 2005) 43
- Table 39: Aventis Pharma Interim Results 43
- Table 40: Aventis Pharma Financials-Equity Share Data 44
- Table 41: Aventis Pharma Income Data 44
- Table 42: Aventis Pharma Balance Sheet Data 45
- Table 43: Aventis Pharma Share Holding 45
- Table 44: Aventis Pharma Capacity Data 45
- Table 45: Aventis Pharma Performance Summary 46
- Table 46: Aventis Pharma Cost Analysis 46
- Table 47: Novartis India Price History (as on March 16, 2005) 47
- Table 48: Novartis India Interim Results 48
- Table 49: Novartis India Financials-Equity Share Data 48
- Table 50: Novartis India Income Data 49
- Table 51: Novartis India Balance Sheet Data 49
- Table 52: Novartis India Share Holding 50
- Table 53: Novartis India Capacity Data 50
- Table 54: Novartis India Raw Material Data 50
- Table 55: Novartis India Performance Summary 50
- Table 56: Novartis India Performance Drivers in 3QFY05 51
- Table 57: Novartis India Cost Analysis 51
- Table 58: Ranbaxy Price History (Price History as on March 16, 2005) 52
- Table 59: Ranbaxy Interim History 53
- Table 60: Ranbaxy Financial Performance-A Snapshot 53
- Table 61: Ranbaxy Financials-Equity Share Data 55
- Table 62: Ranbaxy Income Data 55
- Table 63: Ranbaxy Balance Sheet Data 56
- Table 64: Ranbaxy Shareholding 56
- Table 65: Ranbaxy Capacity Data 56
- Table 66: Ranbaxy Raw Materials Data 57
- Table 67: Dr. Reddy's Labs Price History as on March 16, 2005 57
- Table 68: Dr. Reddy's Labs Interim Results 58
- Table 69: Dr. Reddy's Labs Financials-Equity Share Data 58
- Table 70: Dr. Reddy's Labs Income Data 59
- Table 71: Dr. Reddy's Labs Balance Sheet Data 59
- Table 72: Dr. Reddy's Labs Share Holding 60
- Table 73: Dr. Reddy's Labs Capacity Data 60
- Table 74: Dr. Reddy's Labs Raw Materials Data 60
- Table 75: Dr. Reddy's Labs Performance Summary 60
- Table 76: Dr. Reddy's Labs Segmental Revenues* 61
- Table 77: Dr. Reddy's Labs Cost Break-up 62
- Table 78: Cipla Price History (as on March 16, 2005) 62
- Table 79: Cipla Interim Results 63
- Table 80: Cipla Equity Financials-Share Data 63
- Table 81: Cipla Income Data 64
- Table 82: Cipla Balance Sheet Data 64
- Table 83: Cipla Capacity Data 65
- Table 84: Cipla Raw Materials Data 65
- Table 85: Cipla Performance Summary 65
- Table 86: Cipla Business Snapshot 66
- Table 87: Cipla Cost Analysis 66
- Table 88: Sun Pharma Price History (as on March 16, 2005) 67
- Table 89: Sun Pharma Interim Results 67
- Table 90: Sun Pharma Financials-Equity Share Data 68
- Table 91: Sun Pharma Income Data 68
- Table 92: Sun Pharma Balance Sheet Data 69
- Table 93: Sun Pharma Share Holding 69
- Table 94: Sun Pharma Capacity Data 69
- Table 95: Sun Pharma Raw Materials Data 70
- Table 96: Sun Pharma Performance Summary 70
- Table 97: Sun Pharma Sales Break-up 71
- Table 98: Abbott India Limited (Knol) (Price History as on March 16, 2005) 71
- Table 99: Abbott India Limited (Knol) Interim Results 72
- Table 100: Abbott India Limited (Knol) Financials Equity Share Data 72
- Table 101: Abbott India Limited (Knol) Income Data 73
- Table 102: Abbott India Limited (Knol) Balance Sheet Data 73
- Table 103: Abbott India Limited (Knol) Share Holding 74
- Table 104: Abbott India Limited (Knol) Capacity Data 74
- Table 105: Abbott India Limited (Knol) Raw Materials Data 74
- Table 106: Wockhardt Price History (as on March 16, 2005) 75
- Table 107: Wockhardt Interim Results 75
- Table 108: Wockhardt Financials-Equity Share 76
- Table 109: Wockhardt Income Data 76
- Table 110: Wockhardt Balance Sheet Data 77
- Table 111: Wockhardt Share Holding 77
- Table 112: Wockhardt Capacity Data 77
- Table 113: Wockhardt Raw Material Data 78
- Table 114: Wockhardt Performance Summary 78
- Table 115: Wockhardt Geographical Mix 79
- Table 116: Wokhardt Business Mix 79
- Table 117: Number of Brand Acquisitions 84
- Table 118: R&D Investment of Indian Pharmaceutical Companies 88
- Table 119: Investment in Indian Pharmaceutical Industry 89
- Table 120: R&D* Expenditure by Indian Pharmaceutical Companies 90
- Table 121: Profitability Ratios in Pharmaceutical Industry (CMIE Calculations) 91
- Table 122: Indian Pharma Exports 92
- Table 123: Top 15 Countries of Exports of Drugs and Pharmaceuticals from India during 2002 to 2003 with Comparative Figures for Previous Years 92
- Table 124: CHEMEXCIL's Region-wise Export Statistics of Drugs, Pharmaceuticals and Fine Chemicals for 2000-01, 2001-02 and 2002-03 93
- Table 125: India's Export of Drugs and Pharmaceutical Products through Major Ports 93
- Table 126: Drugs under DPCO and the Share of the Industry 94
- Table 127: Indian Patent Regime in Place 96
- Table 128: Drugs Control Administration by the Central Drug Standard Control Organization under the Aegis of Directorate General of Health Services of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of the Government of India 102
- Table 129: List of Drugs Approved During 1999 to 2004 104
- Table 130: New Drugs Approved from August 2004 to February 2005 108
- Table 131: List of Drugs Prohibited for Manufacture and Sale through Gazette Notifications under Section 26A of Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940 by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare 110
- Table 132: Other Drugs Prohibited for Manufacture, Sale and Distribution 111
- Table 133: Projected Growth of Indian Clinical Research Industry 117
- Table 134: Exports of Drugs, Pharmaceuticals and Fine Chemicals 122
- Table 135: R&D Spend of Leading Indian Companies 127
- Table 136: Industry-wide Change in R&D Spend-Reported R&D Expenditure by Indian Pharmaceutical Firms (1991 to 2000) 129
- Table 137: Ongoing Projects of Drugs and Pharmaceutical Research Program 130
- Table 138: Chemical and Allied Industries 133
- Table 139: Ranbaxy's IT Initiatives 144
- Table 140: Typical Price Drops after a Drug Goes Off Patent 147
- Table 141: Animal Toxicity Requirements for Clinical Trials and Marketing of a New Drug 168
- Table 142: Local Toxicity Studies 168
- Table 143: Special Toxicity Studies 168
- Table 144: Number of Animals Required for Repeated-Dose Toxicity Studies 169
- Table 145: Laboratory Parameters to be Included in Toxicity Studies 169
- Table 146: Urinalysis Parameters 169
- Table 147: Blood Biochemical Parameters 169
- Table 148: Gross and Microscopic Pathology 169
- Table 149: Informed Consent Form to Participate in a Clinical Trial 174
- Table 150: Study Conditions for Drug Substances and Formulations Intended to be Stored under General Conditions 178
- Table 151: Study Conditions for Drug Substances and Formulations Intended to be Stored in a Refrigerator 178
- Table 152: Study Conditions for Drug Substances and Formulations Intended for Storage 179
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