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Since its discovery, the naturally occurring RNA (ribonucleic acid) interference effect has been acclaimed as the most exciting technical breakthrough in biological research in the last decade. Some industry analysts predict that RNA interference (RNAi) may even surpass PCR as a top technology. RNAi allows scientists to silence the expression or effect of a gene under study. This is known as gene knockdown. This field has rapidly emerged as a fast-growing new market. The purpose of this TriMark Publications report is to review the market for RNAi testing equipment and supplies. RNAi is a mechanism in molecular biology where the presence of certain fragments of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) interferes with the expression of a particular gene which shares a similar sequence with the dsRNA. This study defines the dollar volume of sales, both worldwide and in the U.S., and analyzes the factors that influence market size and growth for RNAi testing. The main objectives of this study are to: 1) understand the different sectors of RNAi testing market and to look at a description of the instruments, reagents and supplies marketed by major companies in each segment; 2) obtain a complete understanding of the individual RNAi-testing platforms-from basic principles to clinical applications; 3) discover feasible market opportunities by identifying high-growth applications in different analytical diagnostic areas, with a focus on the biggest and expanding markets; 4) focus on global industry developments and trends through an in-depth analysis of the major world markets for RNAi measurement technology, including growth forecasts; and 5) present market figures related to the current value of RNAi testing, market projections, market share, key players and sector growth rates.
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Table of Contents:
- 1 Overview 6
- 1.1 Objectives 6
- 1.2 Scope 6
- 1.3 Methodology 8
- 1.4 Executive Summary 9
- 2 RNA Interference (RNAi) 12
- 2.1 Introduction 12
- 2.2 Overview of RNA Interference 12
- 2.2.1 Classes of Endogenous Small RNAs: siRNA, rasiRNA and miRNA 13
- 2.2.2 Mechanism of RNAi In Vivo 14
- 2.3 Glossary 17
- 2.4 What Areas of Research Does RNAi Impact? 18
- 2.4.1 RNAi Technology in Life Sciences Research, Drug Discovery and Development 19
- 2.4.2 RNAi Technology in Agriculture 25
- 3 Technology Trends in RNAi Space 28
- 3.1 Overview 28
- 3.2 End-User Segmentation 28
- 3.3 Technologies for Inducing RNAi 29
- 3.3.1 Methods for Detecting Gene Silencing 30
- 3.3.2 Comparison of Strategies for Target Validation 31
- 3.3.3 Libraries of siRNAs/shRNAs to Knock Down Genes En Masse 31
- 3.4 miRNA-Based RNAi: The Leading Edge of RNAi Space 37
- 3.4.1 Biological Function of miRNAs 38
- 3.4.2 Role of miRNAs in Disease 39
- 3.4.3 miRNA-based Diagnostics 43
- 3.4.4 miRNA-based Therapeutics 45
- 3.5 Market Shifts in RNAi Space: Where Is It Headed? 46
- 3.5.1 Intellectual Property and Patent Issues 47
- 3.5.2 Patents Covering the Molecular Characteristics of the RNAi Agent 47
- 3.5.3 Funding in RNAi Space: Grants, Venture Capital and IPOs 49
- 3.5.4 Partnerships, Alliances, Mergers and Acquisitions 50
- 3.6 SWOT Analysis of Technologies and Vendors in RNAi Space 52
- 4 RNAi Market Analysis 55
- 4.1 Overview 55
- 4.2 Market Data Collection and Respondent Pool 55
- 4.2.1 Respondent Pool Characteristics 55
- 4.3 RNAi Technologies / Products in Research Applications 57
- 4.4 RNAi Technologies/Products: Market Shares (Quantitative) 58
- 4.5 Quantitative Metrics of RNAi Usage: Market Opportunity and Growth 61
- 4.5.1 Growth of Various Segments in RNAi Space 63
- 4.5.2 Product Formats and Representation in RNAi Marketplace 64
- 4.6 RNAi Marketplace: Challenges, Unmet Needs and Drivers 70
- 4.6.1 Unmet Needs in RNAi Space 71
- 4.6.2 RNAi Market: Qualitative Growth Drivers 73
- 5 The RNAi Landscape 74
- 5.1 Overview 74
- 5.2 Market Segmentation of RNAi and Segment Characteristics 74
- 5.3 Quantitative Market Opportunities in RNAi Space 76
- 5.3.1 Opportunities in miRNA Space 76
- 5.3.2 Opportunities in siRNA/shRNA Space 78
- 5.4 RNAi Product Offerings and Associated Business Models 79
- 5.5 Challenges for RNAi Therapeutic Development 81
- 6 RNAi-Based Therapeutics: The Emerging Industry Landscape 83
- 6.1 Factors Contributing to the Success of RNAi Therapeutics 83
- 6.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of siRNA-based Drugs 84
- 6.3 Opportunities and Challenges with RNAi-based Therapeutics 84
- 6.4 The Gene Therapy Precedent 85
- 6.5 The Antisense Precedent 86
- 6.6 Interferon Response 86
- 6.7 Delivery of RNAi-based Therapeutics 87
- 6.8 Off-Target Effects 89
- 6.9 Overwhelming the Endogenous RNAi System-Affecting the microRNA Pathway 89
- 6.10 RNAi-based Therapeutics 89
- 6.10.1 Cancer 90
- 6.10.2 Cardiac Disease 92
- 6.10.3 Immunologic Disease 93
- 6.10.4 Infectious Disease 93
- 6.10.5 Inflammation 96
- 6.10.6 Lifestyle Therapeutics 96
- 6.10.7 Metabolic Disease 96
- 6.10.8 Neurologic Disease 97
- 6.10.9 Ophthalmic Disease 97
- 6.10.10 Renal Disease 99
- 6.10.11 Respiratory Disease 99
- 7 Company Profiles-U.S. 100
- 7.1 Alfacell Corporation 101
- 7.2 Allele Biotechnology and Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 101
- 7.3 Alnylam Pharmaceuticals 101
- 7.4 Ambion 103
- 7.5 Asuragen, Inc. 104
- 7.6 Avalon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 104
- 7.7 B-Bridge International, Inc. 105
- 7.8 Bio-Rad Laboratories 105
- 7.9 Calando Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 106
- 7.10 Cepheid 106
- 7.11 Cequent 106
- 7.12 Clontech Laboratories, Inc. 107
- 7.13 CombiMatrix Corporation 107
- 7.14 Cyntellect, Inc. 107
- 7.15 CytRx Corp. 108
- 7.16 Dharmacon 109
- 7.17 Dicerna 109
- 7.18 Galenea Corporation 109
- 7.19 GeneCopoeia, Inc. 110
- 7.20 GeneThera, Inc. 110
- 7.21 Genlantis 110
- 7.22 GenoSensor 110
- 7.23 GRL, Inc. 111
- 7.24 IDT 111
- 7.25 Imgenex Corporation 111
- 7.26 Ingenuity Systems 112
- 7.27 Intradigm Corporation 112
- 7.28 Invitrogen 112
- 7.29 InvivoGen 113
- 7.30 Isis Pharmaceuticals, LLC 113
- 7.31 LC Sciences 114
- 7.32 Lentigen Corporation 115
- 7.33 MDRNA 115
- 7.34 Merck & Co., Inc. 115
- 7.35 Mirus Bio Corporation (Acquired by Roche) 115
- 7.36 Monsanto 116
- 7.37 Nastech Pharmaceutical Company, Inc. 116
- 7.38 New England BioLabs 117
- 7.39 Nucleonics, Inc. 117
- 7.40 Open Biosystems, Inc. 118
- 7.41 OPKO Health, Inc. 119
- 7.42 OriGene 119
- 7.43 Panomics, Inc. 119
- 7.44 PhaseRx 120
- 7.45 Promega Corp. 120
- 7.46 Quark Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 120
- 7.47 RXi Pharmaceuticals Corporation 121
- 7.48 Senetek PLC 121
- 7.49 Sigma-Aldrich 122
- 7.50 Sirna Therapeutics 122
- 7.51 Sirnaomics, Inc. 123
- 7.52 SomaGenics, Inc. 124
- 7.53 System Biosciences 124
- 7.54 Tacere Therapeutics 125
- 7.55 Targeted Genetics Corporation 125
- 7.56 Third Wave Technologies 126
- 7.57 Traversa 126
- 8 Company Profiles-Europe 127
- 8.1 Actigenics SA 127
- 8.2 Amaxa 127
- 8.3 AstraZeneca PLC 128
- 8.4 Cenix Bioscience GmbH 128
- 8.5 deVGen N.V. 129
- 8.6 DNAVision 129
- 8.7 Exiqon 130
- 8.8 Genovis 130
- 8.9 genOway 130
- 8.10 imaGenes GmbH 131
- 8.11 MWG Biotech AG 131
- 8.12 OZ Biosciences 131
- 8.13 Prosensa Holding 132
- 8.14 QIAGEN 132
- 8.15 RNAx GmbH (Germany) 133
- 8.16 Roche 134
- 8.17 Rosetta Genomics, Ltd. 135
- 8.18 Santaris Pharma A/S 135
- 8.19 Silence Therapeutics PLC 136
- 8.20 TaconicArtemis GmbH 137
- 8.21 TRANSAT 137
- 9 Company Profiles-Asia-Pacific 139
- 9.1 alphaGEN Co., Ltd. 139
- 9.2 Benitec, Ltd. 139
- 9.3 Bioneer 139
- 9.4 CytoPathfinder, Inc. 140
- 9.5 Genesis Research & Development Corp. 140
- 9.6 GeneDesign, Inc. 141
- 9.7 GNI Pharmaceutical Corporation 141
- 9.8 Koken Co., Ltd. 141
- 9.9 NanoCarrier Co., Ltd. 141
- 9.10 Oncolys Biopharma, Inc. 142
- 9.11 RealGene Bio-Technologies, Inc. 142
- 9.12 Samchully Pharmaceuticals 142
- 9.13 Samyang Corp. 142
- 9.14 Shanghai Biochip 143
- 9.15 Shanghai GenePharma Co. 143
- 9.16 Shanghai Genomics, Inc. 143
- 9.17 Transgene Biotek, Ltd. 144
- 10 Company Profiles-Rest of the World 145
- 10.1 Benitec, Ltd. 145
- 10.2 Tekmira 146
- INDEX OF TABLES
- Table 2.1: Advantages/Disadvantages of siRNAs and shRNAs as Inducers of RNAi in Mammalian Cells 19
- Table 2.2: Prevalence of siRNA-mediated RNAi in Disease Models, as Reported in Scientific Literature 21
- Table 2.3: RNAi-based Therapeutics in Clinical Trials 22
- Table 2.4: Suppliers of Enabling Technologies and Tools in RNAi Space 23
- Table 2.5: Suppliers of siRNA/shRNA Products (by Product/Service Class) 24
- Table 3.1: Currently-Utilized Technologies for Inducing RNAi-Mediated Knockdown 30
- Table 3.2: Comparison of mRNA Detection Technologies 30
- Table 3.3: Strategies for Target Validation by Pharma/Biotech: RNAi and Others 31
- Table 3.4: Comparison of Formats for Library-Based Gene Knockdown 33
- Table 3.5: Characteristics of Various Publicly-Available Mouse and Human RNAi Libraries 34
- Table 3.6: Disease-Related miRNAs 43
- Table 3.7: Publicly-Available Computational Programs for Identifying miRNA Sequences/Targets 44
- Table 3.8: Seminal Patents in RNAi 48
- Table 3.9: Venture Capital Raised by Selected Companies in the RNAi Space 50
- Table 3.10: List of Public Biotech Companies in RNAi Space 50
- Table 3.11: SWOT Analysis of siRNA Oligonucleotides 52
- Table 3.12: Transfection Reagents (Lipid-Mediated Delivery) 53
- Table 3.13: shRNA Plasmid Constructs 53
- Table 3.14: shRNA Pooled Libraries or Arrayed Collections (Retroviral/Lentiviral Delivery) 54
- Table 5.1: RNAi Market Segmentation and Research Settings 74
- Table 5.2: Segment 1: Basic Life Science Research Utilizing RNAi Tools and Technologies 74
- Table 5.3: Segment 2: RNAi for Drug Discovery and Development 75
- Table 5.4: Segment 3: RNAi Research for Development of RNAi Therapeutics 75
- Table 5.5: Segment 4: RNAi Fee-for-Service Business 76
- Table 5.6: Grants Awarded and Research Spending in miRNA Space, 2005 to 2008 76
- Table 5.7: RNAi Opportunity and Market Size: Quantitative Model, 2006 to 2009 78
- Table 5.8: Challenges for RNAi Therapeutic Development 81
- Table 5.9: Technology Platforms used in RNAi Research 82
- Table 6.1 : Similarities Between Antisense Oligonucleotides and siRNAs 86
- Table 6.2: Disadvantages of siRNA Versus Antisense Oligonucleotides 86
- Table 6.3: Delivery Vectors for siRNA and Hairpin-Encoding DNA for In Vivo Experiments. 87
- Table 6.4: Delivery Systems for siRNA and Hairpin-Encoding DNA for In Vivo Experiments. 88
- Table 6.5: Delivery Systems for RNAi-based Therapeutics 88
- Table 6.6: Diseases for RNAi Therapeutics 89
- Table 6.7: RNAi-Based Therapeutics Pipeline-Broken Out by Disease/Therapeutic Area 90
- Table 6.8: RNAi-Based Therapeutics Pipeline-Broken Out by Stage of Development 90
- Table 6.9: Most Common Types of Cancer 91
- Table 6.10: RNAi Therapeutics for Cancer in Phase I 91
- Table 6.11: RNAi Therapeutics for Cancer in IND 92
- Table 6.12: RNAi Therapeutics for Cardiac Disease in IND 92
- Table 6.13: RNAi Therapeutics for Cardiac Disease in Pre-clinical/Research 93
- Table 6.14: RNAi Therapeutics for Immunologic Disease in Pre-clinical / Research 93
- Table 6.15: RNAi Therapeutics for Infectious Disease in Phase II 94
- Table 6.16: RNAi Therapeutics for Infectious Disease in Phase I 94
- Table 6.17: RNAi Therapeutics for Infectious Disease in IND 95
- Table 6.18: RNAi Therapeutics for Infectious Disease in Pre-clinical/Research 95
- Table 6.19: RNAi Therapeutics for Inflammatory Disease in Pre-clinical/Research 96
- Table 6.20: RNAi Therapeutics for Life Style Therapies in IND 96
- Table 6.21: RNAi Therapeutics for Metabolic Disease in Pre-clinical/Research 96
- Table 6.22: RNAi Therapeutics for Neurologic Disease in Pre-clinical/Research 97
- Table 6.23: RNAi Therapeutics for Ophthalmic Disease in Phase III 98
- Table 6.24: RNAi Therapeutics for Ophthalmic Disease in Phase II 98
- Table 6.25: RNAi Therapeutics for Ophthalmic Disease in Phase I 98
- Table 6.26: RNAi Therapeutics for Ophthalmic Disease in Pre-clinical/Research 98
- Table 6.27: RNAi Therapeutics for Renal Disease in Phase I 99
- Table 6.28: RNAi Therapeutics for Respiratory Disease in Pre-clinical/Research 99
- Table 7.1: Nucleonics Products and Programs Ongoing/Pipeline 118
- Table 7.2: Quark's Product Pipeline 120
- Table 8.1: Santaris' Product Pipeline 136
- Table 8.2: Silence Therapeutics' Product Pipeline 137
- INDEX OF FIGURES
- Figure 2.1: The miRNA Processing Pathway 15
- Figure 2.2: Growth of Scientific Publications Addressing miRNAs, 2001 to 2008 16
- Figure 2.3: Mechanisms of Small RNA-induced Gene Regulation 17
- Figure 2.4: Types of RNAi Compounds 19
- Figure 2.5: Breakdown of Scientific Publications Related to RNAi by Geographic Region, 2007 to 2008 20
- Figure 3.1: End-User Segmentation of RNAi Space 28
- Figure 3.2: RNAi Patents Filed Globally, by Geographical Origin 49
- Figure 3.3: Selected Deals in RNAi Space 51
- Figure 4.1: Geographical Breakdown of RNAi End-User Survey Respondents 56
- Figure 4.2: Affiliation of RNAi End-User Survey Respondents 56
- Figure 4.3: Utilization of RNAi Technologies/Products by Respondent Pool 56
- Figure 4.4: RNAi Utilization Period: Breakdown of Respondent Pool 57
- Figure 4.5: Research Applications Using RNAi Technologies/Products 58
- Figure 4.6: Types of RNAi Technologies Currently Utilized 59
- Figure 4.7: RNAi Technologies Most Commonly Utilized Currently by End-Users 59
- Figure 4.8: Types of RNAi Technologies: Expected Use in Six to 18 Months 60
- Figure 4.9: Evolution of Market Shares of RNAi-Inducing Technologies 61
- Figure 4.10: Number of Experiments Involving RNAi Conducted per Week 61
- Figure 4.11: Range of Research Dollars Spent Monthly on RNAi Research 62
- Figure 4.12: RNAi Experiment Throughput Correlated with Type of RNAi Technology Used 63
- Figure 4.13: Current RNAi Market Share by Segments 64
- Figure 4.14: Growth/Decline Rate of RNAi Marketplace Segments (Six to 18 Months) 65
- Figure 4.15: Product Formats Utilization for RNAi Research (Current and Six to 18 Months) 66
- Figure 4.16: Companies Offering Product Formats for Currently-Used RNAi Products 68
- Figure 4.17: RNAi Product Offerings/Formats Use (Projections-Six to 18 Months) 69
- Figure 4.18: Percentage Change of RNAi Product Offerings/Formats (Six to 18 Months) 70
- Figure 4.19: Key Challenges Faced by End-Users in RNAi Space 71
- Figure 4.20: Unmet Needs in RNAi Space Ranked by Importance to End-Users 72
- Figure 5.1: Growth and Evolution of miRNA Space 77
- Figure 5.2: Elements of RNAi Value Chain 78
- Figure 5.3: Growth and Evolution of RNAi (siRNA/shRNA) Space 79
- Figure 5.4: Market Revenues Based on Components of siRNA Experimental Paradigm 81
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